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Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 4,
5-18 (1988)
DOI: 10.1177/0022167888284002
Toward a Humanistic-Phenomenological Spirituality
Definition, Description, and Measurement
David N. Elkins
L. James Hedstrom
Lori L. Hughes
J. Andrew Leaf
Cheryl Saunders
Pepperdine University
This is an account of research on spirituality being conducted by a group of professors and students at the Graduate School of Education and Psychology of Pepperdine University. The article presents a humanistic definition and description of spirituality based on the writings of Abraham Maslow, John Dewey, William James, Carl Jung, and others. A preliminary report is also made on the development of the Spiritual Orientation Inventory, a measure of spirituality based on the humanistic model and designed to assess the spirituality of those not affiliated with traditional religion.
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